Aenne Schwarz was born in Filderstadt on September 17, 1983. As a teenager she made her first stage appearances at the Naturtheater Grötzingen from 1996 to 2000. Following graduation from school, she started studying literature and religion in Berlin, but quit to study acting at the University of Performing Arts Ernst Busch instead. During her student years, Schwarz acted in stage productions at numerous theaters in Berlin, among them the Deutsches Theater and the bat, the University’s studio theater, where she appeared in "Der kleine Bruder" directed by Leander Haußmann.

From 2011 to 2013, Aenne Schwarz was a member of the ensemble of the Maxim Gorki Theater. Subsequently, she was a member of the Burgtheater ensemble in Vienna in the 2013/2014 season and gave guest performances at the Thalia Theater in Hamburg and at the Schauspielhaus in Stuttgart (until 2016).

In addition to her theater work, Schwarz has been starring in TV and film productions since 2009, such as in Uli Edel’s biopic about the German rapper Bushido "Zeiten ändern Dich" (2010), in the drama "Echolot" (2013) as well as in a number of short and medium-length films. Her first lead role was in "Vor der Morgenröte" ("Stefan Zweig: Farewell to Europe", DE/FR/AT 2016), Austria's 2017 Oscar® submission, in which she played Lotte Zweig, the wife of writer Stefan Zweig (Josef Hader). Her performance earned her a nomination for the Preis der deutschen Filmkritik, a prize given by the German Film Critics Association. Schwarz also received much critical acclaim for her portrayal of a raped woman who remains silent and tries to forget about what happened to her in Eva Trobisch’s feature debut "Alles ist gut" (2018). Her intense performance in this film won her Best Actress at the International Film Festival Munich. Further awards for the role followed, including the Thessaloniki Film Festival (Greece) and the Angers European First Film Festival (France). Schwarz was nominated for the German Film Critics Award and the German Film Award for Best Actress.

She left the Vienna Burgtheater in 2019 and joined the ensemble of Theater Basel in 2020, where she has been a guest artist since the 2023/24 season. In addition, Aenne Schwarz continued to appear regularly in cinema and television productions, for example as a former revolutionary turned bourgeois in the award-winning tragicomedy "Waren einmal Revoluzzer" ("Once Were Rebels", AT 2019) and as the wife of a threatened policeman in Jan Bonny's dark social drama "Wir wären andere Menschen" (2019, TV).

In cinema, she played the wife of the main character in Daniel Brühl's "Nebenan" ("The Next Door", 2021), a former victim of the Otto Mühl commune in "Servus Papa, See you in Hell" (2022) and a factory worker doubting her relationship in Michael Fetter Nathanskys drama "Alle die Du bist" ("Every You Every Me", DE/ES 2024).